Napoleonic Wars Battle of Trafalgar

The Battle of Trafalgar was fought on October 21, 1805, during the War of the Third Coalition (1803-1806), which was part of the larger Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815). Fleets Commanders British Vice-Admiral Lord Horatio Nelson27 ships of the line French & Spanish Vice-Admiral Pierre-Charles VilleneuveAdmiral Fredrico Gravina33 ships of the line (18 French, 15 Spanish) Napoleons Plan As the War of the Third Coalition raged, Napoleon began planning for the invasion of Britain. The success of this operation necessitated control of the English Channel and instructions were issued for Vice Admiral Pierre Villeneuves fleet at Toulon to elude Vice Admiral Lord Horatio Nelsons blockade and rendezvous with Spanish forces in the Caribbean. This united fleet would re-cross the Atlantic, join with French ships at Brest and then take control of the Channel. While Villeneuve succeeded in escaping from Toulon and reaching the Caribbean, the plan began to unravel when he returned to European waters. Pursued by Nelson, whom he feared, Villeneuve suffered a minor defeat at the Battle of Cape Finisterre  on July 22, 1805. Having lost two ships of the line to Vice Admiral Robert Calder, Villeneuve put into port at Ferrol, Spain. Ordered by Napoleon to proceed to Brest, Villeneuve instead turned south towards Cadiz to elude the British. With no sign of Villeneuve by late August, Napoleon transferred his invasion force at Boulogne to operations in Germany. While the combined Franco-Spanish fleet was at anchor in Cadiz, Nelson returned to England for a brief rest. Preparing for Battle While Nelson was in England, Admiral William Cornwallis, commanding the Channel Fleet, dispatched 20 ships of the line south for operations off Spain. Learning that Villeneuve was at Cadiz on September 2, Nelson immediately made preparations to join the fleet of Spain with his flagship HMS Victory (104 guns). Reaching Cadiz on September 29, Nelson took command from Calder. Conducting a loose blockade off Cadiz, Nelsons supply situation quickly degraded and five ships of the line were dispatched to Gibraltar. Another was lost when Calder departed for his court-martial regarding his actions at Cape Finisterre. In Cadiz, Villeneuve possessed 33 ships of the line, but his crews were short on men and experience. Receiving orders to sail for the Mediterranean on September 16, Villeneuve delayed as many of his officers felt it best to remain in port. The admiral resolved to put to sea on October 18 when he learned that Vice-Admiral Franà §ois Rosily had arrived in Madrid to relieve him. Straggling out of port the next day, the fleet formed into three columns and began sailing southwest towards Gibraltar. That evening, the British were spotted in pursuit and the fleet formed into a single line. England Expects... Following Villeneuve, Nelson led a force of 27 ships of the line and four frigates. Having contemplated the approaching battle for some time, Nelson sought to achieve a decisive victory rather than the typically inconclusive engagement that often occurred in the Age of Sail. To do so, he planned to abandon the standard line of battle and sail directly at the enemy in two columns, one towards the center and the other the rear. These would break the enemy line in half and allow the rear-most ships to be surrounded and destroyed in a pell-mell battle while the enemy van was unable to assist. The disadvantage of these tactics was that his ships would be under fire during the approach to the enemy line. Having thoroughly discussed these plans with his officers in the weeks before the battle, Nelson intended to lead the column striking the enemy center, while Vice Admiral Cuthbert Collingwood, aboard HMS Royal Sovereign (100), commanded the second column. Around 6:00 AM on October 21, while northwest of Cape Trafalgar, Nelson gave the order to prepare for battle. Two hours later, Villeneuve ordered his fleet to reverse their course and return to Cadiz. With difficult winds, this maneuver wreaked havoc with Villeneuve’s formation, reducing his line of battle to ragged crescent. Having cleared for action, Nelsons columns bore down on the Franco-Spanish fleet around 11:00 AM. Forty-five minutes later, he instructed his signal officer, Lieutenant John Pasco to hoist the signal England expects every man will do his duty. Moving slowly due to light winds, the British were under enemy fire for nearly an hour until they reached Villeneuves line. A Legend Lost The first to reach the enemy was Collingwoods Royal Sovereign. Charging between the massive Santa Ana (112) and Fougueux (74), Collingwoods lee column was soon embroiled in the pell-mell fight that Nelson desired. Nelsons weather column broke through between the French admirals flagship, Bucentaure (80) and Redoubtable (74), with Victory firing a devastating broadside that raked the former. Pressing on, Victory moved to engage Redoubtable as other British ships hammered Bucentaure before seeking single-ship actions. With his flagship entwined with Redoubtable, Nelson was shot in the left shoulder by a French marine. Piercing his lung and lodging against his spine, the bullet caused Nelson to fall to the deck with the exclamation, They finally succeeded, I am dead! As Nelson was taken below for treatment, the superior training and gunnery of his seamen were winning out across the battlefield. As Nelson lingered, he fleet captured or destroyed 18 ships of the Franco-Spanish fleet, including Villeneuves Bucentaure. Around 4:30 PM, Nelson died just as the fighting was concluding. Taking command, Collingwood began preparing his battered fleet and prizes for a storm that was approaching. Assaulted by the elements, the British were only able to retain four of the prizes, with one exploding, twelve founderings or going ashore, and one recaptured by its crew. Four of the French ships that had escaped Trafalgar were taken at the Battle of Cape Ortegal on November 4. Of the 33 ships of Villeneuves fleet that had departed Cadiz, only 11 returned. Aftermath One of the greatest naval victories in British history, the Battle of Trafalgar saw Nelson capture/destroy 18 ships. In addition, Villeneuve lost 3,243 killed, 2,538 wounded, and around 7,000 captured. British losses, including Nelson, numbered 458 killed and 1,208 wounded. One of the greatest naval commanders of all time, Nelsons body was returned to London where he received a state funeral before being interred at St. Pauls Cathedral. In the wake of Trafalgar, the French ceased to pose a significant challenge to the Royal Navy for the duration of the Napoleonic Wars. Despite Nelsons success at sea, the War of the Third Coalition ended in Napoleons favor following land victories at Ulm and Austerlitz.

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Wife of Bath Free Essays

Geoffrey Chaucer expresses present day realities throughout his novel The Canterbury Tales. Throughout the Wife of Bath’s prologue, the wife illustrates her actions to be equal to those of a feminist. The wife pleads to stand out without conforming to societal standards. We will write a custom essay sample on Wife of Bath or any similar topic only for you Order Now Feminism is defined as the doctrine advocating social, political, and all other rights of women equal to those of men. During the 14thcentury, it was likely that the Wife of Bath was thought of as a destructive rebel. In modern times our society considers the Wife of Bath to be a revolutionary feminist who refuses to conform to the expectations of women during her time. The thought of women continuously desiring attention from a man and always being sought out to express promiscuous actions is a reality revealed in the Wife of Bath’s Prologue. Lines 263 through 270 of the Wife of Bath’s Prologue reveal the wife’s view upon how men illustrate the actions of women. And if she is ugly, you say that she covets every man she sees; for she will leap on him like a spaniel until she finds some man who will buy her wares. † The quote explains that this woman is not able to persuade a man or even capable of being pursued because her looks are not appeasing, she must use her sexuality in order to have her way or get what ever she wants. Though this may be a negative view of women, this simply says women receive no recognition. Whatever a woman does, it is never good enough for a ma n’s desire. The Wife of Bath’s Prologue also expresses the idea of women not pleased or wanting to be controlled neither having a master but instead searching for sovereignty in relationships. The 14th Century was a very relevant time of which women were controlled by their husbands. â€Å"We don’t love a man who carefully watches where we go; we want to be at large. † (Lines 321-322) This quote simply explains that women do not want to be controlled, as men do – they also want power of themselves and to go about things as they please. Women sometimes go after a love that they do not possess for the purpose of gaining more power. How to cite Wife of Bath, Papers